The book also covers most developing regions, providing a critical global perspective at a time when many pressing challenges extend beyond national borders. Tying all this together, Agricultural Development explores policy options and strategies for developing sustainable agriculture and reducing food insecurity and malnutrition.
The changing global landscape combined with new and better data, technologies, and understanding means that agriculture can and must contribute to a wider range of development outcomes than ever before, including reducing poverty, ensuring adequate nutrition, creating strong food value chains, improving environmental sustainability, and promoting gender equity and equality.
Agricultural Development: New Perspectives in a Changing World, with its unprecedented breadth and scope, will be an indispensable resource for the next generation of policymakers, researchers, and students dedicated to improving agriculture for global wellbeing.
Synopsis [download]
Part I: A Global Overview of Agriculture
Chapter 1 Agricultural Development in a Changing World [download]
Chapter 2 Global Issues in Agricultural Development [download]
The changing global landscape combined with new and better data, technologies, and understanding means that agriculture can and must contribute to a wider range of development outcomes than ever before, including reducing poverty, ensuring adequate nutrition, creating strong food value chains, improving environmental sustainability, and promoting gender equity and equality.
Agricultural Development: New Perspectives in a Changing World, with its unprecedented breadth and scope, will be an indispensable resource for the next generation of policymakers, researchers, and students dedicated to improving agriculture for global wellbeing.
Synopsis [download]
Part I: A Global Overview of Agriculture
Chapter 1 Agricultural Development in a Changing World [download]
Chapter 2 Global Issues in Agricultural Development [download]
Part II: Regional Issues in Agricultural Development
Chapter 3 Changing Farm Size and Agricultural Development in East Asia [download]
Chapter 4 Agricultural Development and Modernization in South Asia [download]
Chapter 5 Africa’s Unfolding Agricultural Transformation [download]
Chapter 6 Duality, Urbanization, and Modernization of Agrifood Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean [download]
Chapter 7 Agricultural Development and Food Security in Eastern Europe and Central Asia [download]
Chapter 8 Regional Experiences: What Have We Learned? [download]
Chapter 3 Changing Farm Size and Agricultural Development in East Asia [download]
Chapter 4 Agricultural Development and Modernization in South Asia [download]
Chapter 5 Africa’s Unfolding Agricultural Transformation [download]
Chapter 6 Duality, Urbanization, and Modernization of Agrifood Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean [download]
Chapter 7 Agricultural Development and Food Security in Eastern Europe and Central Asia [download]
Chapter 8 Regional Experiences: What Have We Learned? [download]
Part III: Context for Agricultural Development
Chapter 9 Agricultural Growth, Urbanization, and Poverty Reduction [download]
Chapter 10 Agriculture and Undernutrition [download]
Chapter 11 Transformation of the Rural Economy [download]
Chapter 12 Food Value Chain Transformation in Developing Regions [download]
Chapter 13 Agricultural Development and International Trade [download]
Chapter 14 The Political Economy of Agricultural and Food Policies [download]
Chapter 15 Gender, Household Behavior, and Rural Development [download]
Chapter 16 Credit for Agricultural Development [download]
Chapter 17 Agricultural Insurance for Development: Past, Present, and Future [download]
Chapter 18 Natural Resource Management and Resource Rights for Agriculture [download]
Chapter 9 Agricultural Growth, Urbanization, and Poverty Reduction [download]
Chapter 10 Agriculture and Undernutrition [download]
Chapter 11 Transformation of the Rural Economy [download]
Chapter 12 Food Value Chain Transformation in Developing Regions [download]
Chapter 13 Agricultural Development and International Trade [download]
Chapter 14 The Political Economy of Agricultural and Food Policies [download]
Chapter 15 Gender, Household Behavior, and Rural Development [download]
Chapter 16 Credit for Agricultural Development [download]
Chapter 17 Agricultural Insurance for Development: Past, Present, and Future [download]
Chapter 18 Natural Resource Management and Resource Rights for Agriculture [download]
Part IV: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Agricultural Development
Chapter 19 Climate Change and Agricultural Development [download]
Chapter 20 The Role of Water in Supporting Food Security: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go [download]
Chapter 21 Future of Agricultural Research [download]
Chapter 22 Reshaping Agrifood Systems to Achieve Multiple Development Goals [download
Chapter 19 Climate Change and Agricultural Development [download]
Chapter 20 The Role of Water in Supporting Food Security: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go [download]
Chapter 21 Future of Agricultural Research [download]
Chapter 22 Reshaping Agrifood Systems to Achieve Multiple Development Goals [download
Extracts:
page 23: Critical now is the role of agricultural research, which is expected to play a key role in climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts while also continuing to focus on increasing both staple and more healthy food production.
page 23: Critical now is the role of agricultural research, which is expected to play a key role in climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts while also continuing to focus on increasing both staple and more healthy food production.
- page 52: For adaptation to climate change, agricultural research plays a critical role (see Chapter 21).
- Adaptation can benefit from the use of biotechnologies, for example, gene editing, to develop crop varieties that are tolerant to heat, drought, salinity, and submergence and from the capacity to develop agronomic practices to use new varieties effectively.
- Efficient use of water is also an integral part of adaptation strategies, because the availability of irrigation water enhances resilience to frequent droughts. At present, the irrigation ratio is particularly low in low-income regions. For more effective adaptation to climate change, further irrigation investments will be required.
- For sustainable resource management, it is essential to reduce the cost of measuring, monitoring, and verifying the use of natural resources or the emissions of greenhouse gases.
page 35: Property rights reform is shown to have substantial impacts for only relatively advantaged farmers. (...) Enhanced formal land-tenure security in Thailand offered substantial payoffs in increased investment in land improvement and enhanced productivity. In Latin America, the investment demand effects of property rights reform applied to everyone, but that credit supply expanded only for medium- and larger-scale farmers.
page 38: Ownership and control of assets by women is shown to be important for poverty reduction and has positive development outcomes at both household and individual levels.
page 39: In Kenya, when testing free delivery and price subsidies to purchase fertilizer, a savings commitment brought in new adopters instead of subsidizing those who would have adopted anyway.
page 39: Individual decisions made under risk and uncertainty are subject to irrational biases. For instance, individuals tend to weigh the value of losses more than the value of gains and may give undue weight to small probabilities, which negatively affects adoption of new agricultural technologies.
page 47: Together with rural-to-urban migration, stimulating contract farming and developing rural industries are major means to facilitate rural transformation. (...) Urbanization and economic transformation are closely linked with diversification of diets caused by shifting consumer demand. Particularly after the classic “food problem” is solved, adequate nutrition and health become major
“agricultural problems.”
page 52: If agriculture fails to contribute to solving climate change by not constructing the proper incentive systems in natural resource use and inducing the development of natural-resource-saving tech-nologies, sustainable agricultural development may remain an unachievable dream and agriculture may become a culprit of global climate deterioration. The challenge is how to mitigate climate change and preserve or improve ecosystems while delivering healthy foods to consumers.
page 62: The Green Revolution has had limited impacts in Africa. Reasons for this include the lack of a dominant farming system (such as rice and wheat); predominance of rainfed rather than irrigated agriculture; lack of an effective extension system; poor soil fertility; underinvestment in agricultural research and development and rural infrastructure; lack of competitive markets and conducive enabling environments; the negative impact of poor human health on agriculture; minimal mechanization; and the predominance of customary land tenure.
page 63: More rigorous assessment of the costs and the opportunity costs of boosting growth in agriculture is needed.
page 64: Investments in roads and agricultural research and development have the largest impacts on poverty reduction and growth in agricultural productivity, followed by government spending on edu-
cation, which may generate benefits over extended periods. (...) Nonagricultural growth can also be poverty reducing by contributing to agriculture. While the degrees of impact depend on the
national subsectors involved, growth in some sectors, such as transport services and manufacturing (especially agro-processing) in Africa, can be as effective as growth in agriculture. (...) African farmers have adopted profitable new varieties when they have been available but that research and seed delivery systems have often not effectively developed suitable varieties.
page 66: Current food consumption patterns in much of the developing world are showing signs of convergence toward a Western diet. The diet transition is characterized by increased consumption of wheat, temperate fruits and vegetables, and high-protein and energy-dense food. Globalization
and the consequent global interconnectedness of the urban middle class is the driving force behind the convergence of diets. The rapid spread of global supermarket chains and fast-food restaurants is reinforcing these trends.
page 67: Undernourishment contributes to negative health outcomes such as the prevalence of underweight (low weight for age), wasting (low weight for height), or stunting (low height for age). (...) The broadening of malnutrition problems, together with the continued transformation of food
systems in developing countries, calls for wider-ranging approaches and interventions to improving nutritional outcomes than have been used historically.
page 68: In promoting nutrition- and health-driven policies, targeting those most in need, particularly children under age two and marginalized populations underserved by essential health services, will be important. Furthermore, filling the knowledge gaps through research, scaling innovation solutions, and fueling partnerships between health, nutrition, and agriculture will be crucial. (...) The high costs to farmers and other actors due to poor infrastructure, lack of information, insufficient credit, and policy distortions reduce the efficiency of value chains and impede producers’ ability to connect to market systems.
page 69: Both the market and donors have a role to play in speeding up cost reductions for sensors and related technologies and in supporting local development partners in testing and refining technologies for context-specific applications. Innovation is especially important to integrate sensor technology and data applications into locally appropriate products and services that address problems affecting smallholders. (...) The food-value-chain transformation appears to be improving food security for cities, by reducing marketing margins, offering lower consumer prices, and increasing the quality and diversity of food. But evidence is mixed regarding the impact on farmers. Available evidence indicates that larger farmers with higher assets have higher participation rates in the transformation, even though smallholders increasingly participate in the production of high-value products.
page 69: The relatively high upfront investment required to participate in modern markets and the presence of fixed costs in making contracts are challenges to participation of smallholders, meaning major benefits of food-value-chain transformation may be concentrated in a relatively small share of farmers. (...) Any broad assessment of the effect of contract farming on income is upwardly biased due to mechanically excluding contract farming arrangements that failed. (...) It is difficult to draw any
broad policy-relevant conclusions from the literature on contract farming.
page 80: Government interventions have included lending requirements imposed on banks, refinance schemes, loans at preferential interest rates, credit guarantees, and lending by government- operated development finance institutions. But these interventions have in most cases had limited impact on the adoption of new technology or on agricultural production, while seriously impairing the banks, cooperatives, and specialized agricultural development banks that have tried to implement them.
page 83 Globally, the largest area of managed land is used for production of crops and livestock. Agricultural land covers 38 percent of the world’s land surface. The largest amount of this area, nearly 70 percent, is for land use activities related to livestock rearing, including feed crop production and pasture.
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